Muslims--India.; India--Politics and government--1765-1947.
Description
Dr Hardy has attempted a general history of British India's Muslims with a deeper perspective. He shows how the interplay of memories of past Muslim supremacy, Islamic religious aspirations and modern Muslim social and economic anxieties with the political needs of the alien ruling power gradually fostered a separate Muslim politics. Dr Hardy argues (contrary to the usual view) that Muslims were able to take political initiatives because, in the region of modern Uttar Pradesh, British rule before 1857 and even the events of the Mutiny and Rebellion of 1857–8 had not been economically disastrous for most of them. He stresses the force of religion in the growth of Muslim political separatism, showing how the 'modernists' kept the conversation among Muslims within Islamic postulates and underlining the role of the traditional scholars in heightening popular religious feeling. Regarding any sense of Muslim political unity and nationhood as an outcome of the period of British rule, Dr Hardy shows the limitations and frailty of that unity and nationhood by 1947.; Machine derived contents note: 1. Introduction: the medieval legacy; 2. The effects of British rule on Muslims before 1857; 3. 1857 and its aftermath; 4. Muslims come to terms with British India as Muslims; 5. Muslims move towards political community 1871-1901; 6. Muslims acquire a constitutional identity and enter all-India politics; 7. Religion enters politics 1910-24; 8. The period of frustration 1924-35; 9. The two partitions: of British India and of the Muslim community.
Political parties--European Economic Community countries.
Description
First ed. published in 1969 under title: European political parties.; At head of title: European Centre for Political Studies, European Cultural Foundation.; Monograph on political partys in EC countries - provides a survey of parties in each country, and covers institutional framework, political systems, electoral systems, membership, financing, etc., and considers political integration and political behaviour within the European Parliamentary system. References and statistical tables.; Introduction. -- Belgium. -- Denmark. -- France. -- The Federal Republic of Germany. -- Ireland. -- Italy. -- Luxembourg. -- The Netherlands. -- The United Kingdom. -- Transnational parties in the European Community I : The party groups in the European parliament. -- Transnational parties in the European Community II : The development of European party federations. -- Conclusion.
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